System change does not start with solutions, it starts with understanding. In a complex world where sustainability challenges are intertwined and long-term, more is needed than problem-solving in silos.
We need methods that help us see the whole, the relationships and the dynamics – and one of the most powerful methods is systems mapping.
What is systems mapping?
Systems mapping is a method for mapping how different parts of a system are connected, not only which actors exist, but also their relationships, dependencies, interests and influences. It is about building mental and visual models of the invisible such as power, flows, motivations and obstacles.
A systems map can look different depending on the purpose. It can show actors, drivers, needs, flows, policies, incentives and barriers. But the most important thing is not the map itself but the conversation it enables. It creates a common language for complexity and becomes a basis for collaboration, direction and innovation.
Why is system mapping needed?
System mapping makes it possible to:
- See beyond the surface and understand causal relationships and dynamics
- Identify possible levers for change
- Involve different actors and create shared understanding
- Avoid point interventions and instead act at the system level
- Make relationships visible, not just components, something that is often forgotten in traditional analysis
When we see the system as a network rather than a hierarchy, we can also begin to design the transformation as a value ecosystem, not just as a chain.
Connection to five principles of system innovation
System mapping is a concrete tool for working with all five principles of system innovation:
- System understanding
The mapping makes it possible to see the whole picture, including hidden relationships and dynamics. - Common direction
Through a common map, actors can identify common goals. - Portfolios of initiatives
The mapping makes different needs and inputs visible where initiatives can arise. - Interaction and relationships
The method focuses precisely on the relationships, not the size or status of the actors. - Learning over time
System maps are living documents that can be updated and serve as a reflection surface for change.
Different types of system mapping
Depending on the purpose, there are different types of system mapping. Here are some common ones:
1. Stakeholder Mapping
Focuses on which actors are in the system, how they relate to each other and what type of power, influence or dependence they have. It helps to:
- Identify key actors to engage
- Make underrepresented voices visible
- Explore alliances and conflicts
2. Needs Mapping
Used to understand what needs exist in the system among people, organizations or society. It makes it possible to see:
- Overlapping needs
- Conflicts between different needs
- Needs that are hidden or overlooked
3. Causal Loop Mapping
Maps causal relationships and feedback loops, for example how one increased behavior affects another, as in sustainability challenges.
It provides insight into:
- Dynamics that drive or slow down change
- Where long-term impact occurs
- Possible systemic effects of an action
4. Flow Mapping
Focuses on flows of materials, information, energy or value in a system and is often useful in circular systems or supply chains. It helps to understand:
- Where resources are lost or trapped
- How waste is generated
- How circular solutions can be integrated
Regardless of which method is used, the key is to visually map the relationships, not just the components. A small actor with a strong impact can have more significance than a large actor with weak relationships.
How to use system mapping – a simple method
- Define the system boundary
What are we trying to understand? An industry, a societal problem, a value chain? - Gather stakeholders in a workshop
Diversity of perspectives is crucial. - Map together
Draw stakeholders, relationships, flows, needs. Use post-its, whiteboards or digital tools such as Kumu, Miro or Loopy. - Identify powerful relationships
Where does the impact occur? Which relationships are weak or missing altogether? - Explore possible changes
What happens if a relationship is strengthened, changed or removed? How does it affect the whole? - Document and share
The map is not a definitive answer, but a basis for discussion. It should continue to be developed and used.
Example
From value chain to value ecosystem in food production
A collaborative initiative wanted to change from a linear value chain for local food production to a value ecosystem that promotes sustainability, social inclusion and circularity.
Using systems mapping, stakeholders from across the system were brought together, such as farmers, restaurants, transporters, municipalities, waste companies and residents. The stakeholder mapping made it clear that small-scale stakeholders lacked contact with purchasers. The needs mapping showed that both producers and schools needed more flexibility in the delivery.
The flow mapping showed how food waste could become biogas, but that no actor connected these two flows. Through these insights, new collaborations and initiatives were born that made the system start to function more like an ecosystem of value creators rather than a simple chain.
Systems mapping is not just an analysis method. It is a way of thinking, collaborating and innovating. It gives us tools to see the complex, communicate it clearly and change it together. In a world where change is constant, we don’t need to simplify reality, we need to see it more clearly.
